Think of the brake caliper as a powerful hydraulic clamp. When you press your brake pedal, hydraulic fluid is forced into the caliper, pushing a piston that squeezes the brake pads against the spinning rotor (disc). This friction is what slows and stops your car.
Most modern vehicles have calipers on the front wheels, while many also use them on the rear. Because calipers live right next to the wheels, they absorb incredible amounts of heat and are constantly exposed to road grime, dust, and moisture. Over time, the internal rubber seals can perish or the metal components can seize, leading to dangerous "brake drag" or a total loss of stopping power.
A failing brake caliper is a critical safety issue. If a caliper leaks, you lose hydraulic pressure, which could result in total brake failure in an emergency. If a caliper seizes, it can cause the brake to stay "on," which overheats the rotor, destroys the wheel bearing, and can even start a fire. Addressing a sticking caliper early prevents you from having to replace much more expensive parts like rotors or the master cylinder later.